Thursday, May 14, 2020

Aristotle s Theory Of Moral Virtue - 1269 Words

In books one and two of the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle lays a foundation for and explains reasoning behind his theory of moral virtue. Aristotle does this to give understanding of what it means to be morally virtuous, and how to achieve it. I believe Aristotle’s theory, in the face of objections regarding the relativity of virtue, is sufficient to achieve an understanding to what it means to be morally virtuous and how to act in a morally virtuous manner. Aristotle uses book one of the Nicomachean Ethics to layout the foundational frame work from which he arrive at his theory of moral virtue. He begins by focusing on human activity, noting that all action is directed at something other than itself. He focuses on how each activity a†¦show more content†¦Rather, the value of an action is dependent on the goal; an action is morally good if it brings us closer to the goal of being humans. To be good, is to complete your action well, and the action which distinguishes humans from animals is the ability to reason; therefore happiness is an activity of a rational being which follows and acts in accordance with virtue. Aristotle divides the soul into two portions: the irrational and rational soul. The irrational soul is comprised of two aspects, the vegetative and appetitive. The irrational soul focuses on nutrition and growth of the being, along with governing urges without regards to virtuousness, and the rational soul controls the urges produced by the irrational soul. It is the rational faculty which provides the ability to assess and determine which urges to follow that were produces in the irrational soul. Aristotle uses this framework from book one in book two to further discuss moral virtue in book two of the Nicomachean Ethics. Just as there are two types of ends and soul, there are two kinds of virtue: intellectual and moral. Intellectual virtue is that which is taught over an extended period of time. In contrast, moral virtue is that which is learned and obtained through habit. The key difference between the types of virtue is the requirement of using extended rational to conclude and obtain

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Police And Criminal Justice Initiatives - 966 Words

The field of police work is a complex discipline. It is assuredly not as simple as â€Å"catch the bad guys.† Policing and criminal justice as a whole have come a long way in their slightly less than two century history. And yet, comparatively speaking, it is still considered a relatively new field, one that continues to grow, stretch, and change. Despite the fact that large volumes of research have been done studying varying aspects of police work, there still exists massive gaps in solutions to issues facing the police and criminal justice initiatives. David H. Bayley, in the first chapter of Police for the Future (1994), provides a compelling argument disbanding the belief that police prevent crime. This was, in 1994 and still today, a very relevant topic for research as crime certainly exists and the majority of people, I would guess, would rather be protected from it that a victim of it. However, the studies Bayley researched show a disturbing trend: despite the ov erall number of officers, despite the population, despite the ratio of officers to number of crimes, despite police strategies, even despite arrests made – crime rates were not affected by any of these factors (p. 3-7). Bayley does point out that the primary studies these conclusions are based upon were undertaken in the 1970s – 20 years or more before Bayley’s publication (p. 9). Relatedly, Hoover (2005) corroborates this distinction of the 1970’s as the era where studies continually showed the failureShow MoreRelatedCommunity Justice Models1416 Words   |  6 Pagescommunity justice models; involvement, partnership, mobilization and intermediary model. I expanded on the neighborhood watch since it is a perfect example of the mobilization model. In addition, I vouched for the involvement model as being the most effective approach to community justice strategies. In community justice several approaches have been made in order to help members of the community and the justice systems develop a critical understanding of some of the variation in community justice activityRead MoreConflict Analysis : Mexico And Central America1687 Words   |  7 Pages In this paper, I will focus on Policy Issues through Conflict Analysis in Latin America. First, I will talk about the differences and critiques in the Merida Initiative: Mexico and Central America. Then, I will focus on â€Å"Drug War†: Lenses, Frames, and â€Å"Seeing† Solutions. I will then talk about, â€Å"conflict analysis ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬, a lens for viewing conflict that brings into focus a multilevel, integrative diagnosis of the violence in Mexico and supports recent evolutions in Plan Merida toward a more holisticRead MoreMinority Minorities And The Juvenile Justice System900 Words   |  4 PagesDisproportionate Minority Contact Minority children are exposed to the juvenile justice system at a higher percentage than their white peers. Minority children are over represented at every level of the judicial process. Minority children are more likely to be charged, detained, and confined. The proportion of minorities increases as each level becomes more restrictive. Research also indicates that minority children receive harsher treatment than Caucasian children do. Minority children are moreRead MoreThe Importance Of Statistics In Policy Support739 Words   |  3 PagesStatistics in Policy Support Statistical data is very important to the field of Criminal Justice because before the accounting of police data, police work was largely reactionary instead of today’s prevention driven policies. Information gleaned from crime data not only gives a picture of how crime is increasing or reducing in specific areas; it helps law enforcement prepare plans of action to combat crime in specific areas. Sources such as the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS), whichRead MoreHistory Of Police. The United States’ Early Policing Was1265 Words   |  6 PagesHistory of Police The United States’ early policing was rooted in the ancient system of British common law (Reppetto, 2010). The system depended heavily on watch groups and citizen volunteers. The U.S. has taken up a lot of initiatives to reform its system of policing since the 1960s. President Lyndon Johnson played an integral part to facilitate early reforms to policing. The primary functions of police in the US include law enforcement, protection of property, and limiting of civil disorder. PoliceRead MorePolicing Perspective: Theory and Application679 Words   |  3 Pagesparticular social functions that makes it a necessity in any given social order. As a fundamental aspect of social order, policing can be conducted by various processes and institutional arrangements or plans. In most cases, policing is carried out by the police, which is a state-organized specialist organization. Due to its incorporation of social functions and use for social order, the concept of policing is regarded m ore as a social idea that is similar to the general idea of social control. However, thisRead MoreThe Concepts Of A New Criminal Justice System1695 Words   |  7 Pageswill examine the concepts of a new criminal justice. It will also discuss why the concept requires the involvement of the entire community and why it may be difficult to implement. There will also be information on programs that promote safe neighborhoods and why communities may like and dislike these different programs. A new criminal justice is a theory that has been talked about for plenty of years now. In many cases this theory is to improve the criminal justice system and make it better for notRead More History and Effectiveness of Victim Rights Legislation and Programs1536 Words   |  7 PagesVictim’s Rights Policy All the components of the criminal justice have the same goal in mind: preventing and fighting crime. Preventing and fighting crime also includes providing services for the victims of the crimes. Although the main focus on the criminal justice system is to arrest, prosecute and rehabilitate the criminal, many forget to focus on the victim. The National Organization for Victims Assistance was found in 1975 and is the oldest national group providing assistance to victims ofRead MoreOrganizational Management and Operations Paper1316 Words   |  6 PagesApril 27, 2015 Organizational Management and Operations Paper While the criminal justice system can be viewed as on whole entity, there are different levels of organization. Within these different organizational levels comes varying degrees of functionality. The three organizational levels include local, state, and federal police functions. Each of which are responsible for certain aspects pertaining to the criminal justice organization. As the organizational levels progress, the functionality andRead MoreCrime Prevention1330 Words   |  6 Pagesprevention are criminal events, criminal offenders, amount of harm, reduction of risk factors, and the increase of protective factors. The goal of the Criminal Justice System is to deter crime by the apprehension and incarceration of those who commit crimes and imposing the threat of serious sanctions. Crime prevention is the focus of the Criminal Justice System. Steven P. Lab of the Justice Quarterly (2004) states that some of the components of crime prevention include the police, court system

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Health and Care Clinical and Personal Recovery

Question: Discuss about theHealth and Carefor Clinical and Personal Recovery. Answer: Recovery refers to the return in the normal state of life and gets back the strength physically and mentally. In such circumstances, the patient can develop the new meaning and purpose of life (Bird et al., 2014). This can help the patient to recover his or her problems. The recovery from the mental health illness provides motivation to the patient to get a better life in future. In the case stories, it is seen that Janet is suffering from depression and had some mental health issues that needed to be resolved. In the version one, the traditional mental health service is shown where as in the version two the personal recovery system is shown. McGarry and Kent (2016) mentioned that recovery helps to regain the self-belief and help to manage the lives. Moreover, it provides supportive relationship and satisfaction. The assignment focuses on the recovery principles to check the efficiency of the recovery system and influence of it on a patient. The difference in between the clinical rec overy and personal recovery is discussed. From the perspective of the particular with the mental illness, the recovery refers to the gaining of hope with the retention of hope and understanding of the abilities and the disabilities of the individuals. This helps the individuals to engage themselves in active life, social identity, and personal autonomy and helps to understand the purpose of life with a positive sense of life. There are various recovery principles for the mental health practice: Uniqueness of individual- it is necessary to recognize that recovery is not all about the cure rather it is about the better lifestyle. Recovery is the satisfaction and gets a purpose of life. Recovery is being a valuable member of the community (Gureje et al., 2015). This principle helps to empower the person so that they can recognize the care, which they receive. Real choices- the real choices help to support the individuals so that they can make choice of life that is how they want to live their life and acknowledge the choices creatively. This ensures the balance in between the duty of care and support to the individual so that they can get new opportunities and make their own choice (Smith et al., 2016). Attitudes and rights- attitude and rights include the involvement of learning from, listening to and action upon the communication from particulars and caregivers. This principle will promote as well as protect the legal human rights and citizenship of the individual (Hiday Moloney, 2014). Dignity and respect- it helps to provide the dignity and respect to the patient so that it can start the life in a new way. This principle helps to support the individuals so that they can maintain and improve the social, occupational, vocational, and recreational activities. Belsher et al. (2016) mentioned that the recovery principle challengers the discrimination and stigma of the community. This involves the sensitivity and respect for others. Partnership and communication- this principle acknowledges the individuals, which involves the working in partnership in between the caregiver and participants. This provides support to the individuals. This principle helps to know about the importance of value and information sharing, which helps the individual to participate in an effective communication (Kidd, Kenny McKinstry, 2015). Evaluating recovery- recover oriented health practice ensures and makes enable to evaluate the recovery base practice. This helps the individual to track his or her own progress. These principles provide opportunities develop the relationship with family members as well as social relationship with the health outcomes (Lanata et al., 2015). Clinical recovery is the idea, which the mental health care expertise emerge and involve to get rid of the symptoms, social functioning and restoring to get back in the normal life. The traditional mental health services ignore the recovery principles. The people, who work in the traditional mental health sectors, cannot understand the recovery principles and the way to implement those principles. From the story of Janet, the issues of traditional mental health are clear. She visited the GP, who suggested her to meet the mental health service (YouTube., 2014). However, she did not get the help of mental health service. She tried to get the help of crisis team, who did not help her properly and made her more depressed. After the six years, she got totally depressed and home sick. She put on weight and became lazy who live her life on foods and sleep. Personal recovery refers to the unique process that helps to change the attitude, value, goals and roles (health.gov.au, 2010). This provides supports to the individuals and gains the belief of individuals. In this story, it is seen that Janet gave an online test from which she came to know that she is depressed. She contacted with personal recovery center, where she met with Lisa, who became the mentor of Janet. Janet started to feel good and shared her feelings and incidents with her. Lisa helped her very much so that Janet can get rid of her depression and spent a normal lifestyle. Whenever Janet felt like suicidal, Lisa helped her to calm down. Lisa sent her to a peer run crisis house, where Janet felt safe and happy. In the crisis house, Janet met with Helen, who helped her to get rid of the incident of sexual abuse. The stories are about a girl of 19 years old. In the first story, it is shown that how the traditional mental health discouraged her and she became depressed and overweight. In the second story it is shown that the personal mental health motivated her to get rid of depression and start a new life to get a successful career in future. From both the stories, the different perspective and mentality of people will be clear that influence the progress of a treatment (Travis, 2014). In such circumstances, Grob (2014) mentioned that the behavior of the individuals can help the patient to overcome the problem or get more depressed. Janet is only nineteen years old girl, who had passed through various bad experiences. She could not share those experiences with others. She is distressed and depressed. At the age in between 10 to 15, she faced sexual harassment, which she could not share with family members or others. In the first story, in case of traditional care, she felt feared and more depressed. People ignored her and tried to humiliate (OHagan, 2014). On the other hand, in the second story, in case of personal recovery, in the peer run crisis house, Janet felt happy and participated in various activities. Helen, the mentor of the peer house helped Janet and inspired her to get back in the normal lifestyle. From the discussion, the efficiency of the personal recovery is seen. Sometimes, Janet gets afraid and hears some voice, which influences her to commit suicide. In the first scenario, no one tried to understand the problems of Janet and as a result, Janet could not share her feelings with anyone. This made her more depressed. In the second scenario, whenever Janet felt to commit suicide, Helen or Lisa tried to calm down her by rubbing her back and encouraged her so that she can overcome the situation (OHagan, 2014). In every cases, the difference between the traditional mental health and the personal recovery. In the first story, whenever, Janet asked her doctor to reduce the dosage of drugs, her doctor replied that those dosages are necessary for her recovery. Her doctor said that if the dosage are reduced, she cannot survive. However, those high dosages of drugs make her feel uncomfortable and vulnerable. In the same context, the second story showed different result. After few days of medication, when Janet asked Lisa that she felt uneasy due to the high dosage of drugs, Lisa became happy. The main reason of Lisas happiness is that this is the sign of recovery. She reduced the dosage of drugs that provided relief to Janet. Lisa behaved very friendly with Janet that makes her feel happy. In the first story, Janet felt very uncomfortable and alone in the care home as no one communicates with her (OHagan, 2014). In the second story, people encouraged Janet so that she can get rid of her problems and get back to the normal lifestyle. She could participate in various activities like drawing a nd go for the long walks. In the first story, traditional mental health caregivers locked Janet in a room for several days, where Janet felt lonely and afraid in the locked room. She wanted to go outside but no one allowed her. However, in the second story, Janet was allowed to go outside the house but every time one caregiver went with her so that Janet may not feel alone or vulnerable (OHagan, 2014). Therefore, from this discussion it is clear that there is a lots of differenced in between two types of recovery system. Based on the above discussion, it can be said that personal recovery provides better outcome than the traditional mental health care. Moreover, the personal mental health care maintains the recovery principles and care about the people who suffers from the mental health illness like depression. The mental health care providers need to be polite with the patient so that they can share concerns with the professional and get over their problems quickly. This helps the individuals to engage themselves in active life, social identity, and personal autonomy and helps to understand the purpose of life with a positive sense of life. This involves the sensitivity and respect for others. This provides support to the individuals. These principles provide opportunities develop the relationship with family members as well as social relationship with the health outcomes. This principle will promote as well as protect the legal human rights and citizenship of the individual. This principle helps to empower the person so that they can recognize the care, which they receive. References Belsher, B. E., Jaycox, L. H., Freed, M. C., Evatt, D. P., Liu, X., Novak, L. A., ... Engel, C. C. (2016). Mental Health Utilization Patterns During a Stepped, Collaborative Care Effectiveness Trial for PTSD and Depression in the Military Health System.Medical care,54(7), 706-713. Bird, V., Leamy, M., Tew, J., Le Boutillier, C., Williams, J., Slade, M. (2014). Fit for purpose? Validation of a conceptual framework for personal recovery with current mental health consumers.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 0004867413520046. Grob, G. N. (2014).From asylum to community: Mental health policy in modern America. Princeton University Press. Gureje, O., Nortje, G., Makanjuola, V., Oladeji, B. D., Seedat, S., Jenkins, R. (2015). The role of global traditional and complementary systems of medicine in the treatment of mental health disorders.The Lancet Psychiatry,2(2), 168-177. health.gov.au, (2010). [online] Available at: https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/CFA833CB8C1AA178CA257BF0001E7520/$File/servpri.pdf [Accessed 25 Apr. 2017]. Hiday, V. A., Moloney, M. E. (2014). Mental illness and the criminal justice system.The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Health, Illness, Behavior, and Society. Kidd, S., Kenny, A., McKinstry, C. (2015). The meaning of recovery in a regional mental health service: an action research study.Journal of advanced nursing,71(1), 181-192. Lanata, A., Valenza, G., Nardelli, M., Gentili, C., Scilingo, E. P. (2015). Complexity index from a personalized wearable monitoring system for assessing remission in mental health.IEEE Journal of Biomedical and health Informatics,19(1), 132-139. McGarry, D., Kent, K. (2016). Mental health issues of a psychotic nature.Chronic Care Nursing: A Framework for Practice, 143. OHagan, Mary (2014): Madness Made Me New Zealand: Open Box Press Travis, C. B. (2014).Women and Health Psychology: Volume I: Mental Health Issues. Psychology Press. Smith, J. C., Hyman, S. M., Andres-Hyman, R. C., Ruiz, J. J., Davidson, L. (2016). Applying recovery principles to the treatment of trauma.Professional Psychology: Research and Practice,47(5), 347. YouTube. (2014). Mary O'Hagan shares her memoir, Madness Made Me. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MZsXze5I2twfeature=youtu.be [Accessed 26 Apr. 2017].